tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62749805476371860072024-03-17T20:04:13.279-07:00Rough RecordFaizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.comBlogger202125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-19783509412983664452013-02-21T12:22:00.001-08:002013-02-21T12:22:48.160-08:00TRAFFIC LIGHTS <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YCl99Dn1q8Q/USaBrsKPZ7I/AAAAAAAAAWs/sXkc87ki1dU/s1600/TrafficLight.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YCl99Dn1q8Q/USaBrsKPZ7I/AAAAAAAAAWs/sXkc87ki1dU/s1600/TrafficLight.gif" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--vAv8rwT3wU/USaBsGSTPSI/AAAAAAAAAW0/2zYwspikO1k/s1600/TrafficLights-1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
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<br /> Here's a clever circuit using two 555's to produce a set of traffic lights for a model layout. </div>
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<br />The red LED has an equal on-off period and when it is off, the first 555 delivers power to the second 555. This illuminates the Green LED and then the second 555 changes state to turn off the Green LED and turn on the Orange LED for a short period of time before the first 555 changes state to turn off the second 555 and turn on the red LED. A supply voltage of 9v to 12v is needed because the second 555 receives a supply of about 2v less than rail. This circuit also shows how to connect LEDs high and low to a 555 and also turn off the 555 by controlling the supply to pin 8. Connecting the LEDs high and low to pin 3 will not work and since pin 7 is in phase with pin 3, it can be used to advantage in this design. </div>
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<br /><img border="0" height="199" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/--vAv8rwT3wU/USaBsGSTPSI/AAAAAAAAAW0/2zYwspikO1k/s320/TrafficLights-1.gif" width="320" /></div>
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Here is a further description of how the circuit works:</div>
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<br /> Both 555's are wired as oscillators in astable mode and will oscillate ALL THE TIME when they are turned ON. But the second 555 is not turned on all the time!<br /> The first 555 turns on and the 100u is not charged. This makes output pin 3 HIGH and the red LED is not illuminated. However the output feeds the second 555 and it turns on. <br /> Output pin 3 of the second 555 turns on the green LED and the second 100u charges to 2/3 rail voltage and causes the 555 to change states. The green LED goes off and the orange LED turns on. <br /> The second 100u starts to discharge, but the first 100u is charging via a 100k and after the orange LED has been on for a short period of time, the first 555 changes state and pin 3 goes LOW. <br /> This turns on the red LED and turns off the second 555. <br /> The first 100u starts to discharge via the 100k and eventually it changes state to start the cycle again. <br /> The secret of the timing is the long cycle-time of the first 555 due to the 100k and the short cycle due to the 47k on the second 555.</div>
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-60122352598985685702013-02-21T09:02:00.000-08:002013-02-21T09:02:22.575-08:00PICmicro MCU C - An itroduction to programming The Microchip PIC in CCS C (N.Gardner_ 2002)<font size="1"><a href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/114895377/PICmicro-MCU-C---An-itroduction-to-programming-The-Microchip-PIC-in-CCS-C-(NGardner_-2002)">PICmicro MCU C - An itroduction to programming The Microchip PIC in CCS C (N.Gardner_ 2002)</a></font><br /><object id="_ds_114895377" name="_ds_114895377" width="480" height="400" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" data="http://viewer.docstoc.com/"><param name="FlashVars" value="doc_id=114895377&mem_id=6347740&showrelated=0&showotherdocs=0&doc_type=null&allowdownload=1" /><param name="movie" value="http://viewer.docstoc.com/"/><param name="wmode" value="opaque" /><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true" /></object><br /><script type="text/javascript">var docstoc_docid="114895377";var docstoc_title="PICmicro MCU C - An itroduction to programming The Microchip PIC in CCS C (N.Gardner_ 2002)";var docstoc_urltitle="PICmicro MCU C - An itroduction to programming The Microchip PIC in CCS C (N.Gardner_ 2002)";</script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://i.docstoccdn.com/js/check-flash.js"></script>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-17836286228257967782013-02-21T08:56:00.000-08:002013-02-21T08:56:46.171-08:00Electronics For You - Project and Ideas 2000 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.docstoc.com/docs/68202708/Electronics-For-You---Project-and-Ideas-2000-(Malestrom)"><br />
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</div>Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-35207630602989931882013-02-04T10:50:00.001-08:002013-02-04T10:50:13.878-08:00Pedestrian Design Guidlines<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="356" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" mozallowfullscreen="" scrolling="no" src="http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/2553818" style="border-width: 1px 1px 0; border: 1px solid #CCC; margin-bottom: 5px;" webkitallowfullscreen="" width="427"> </iframe> </div>
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<b> <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/uttipecDRAFT/pedestrian-guidelines-20-nov09" target="_blank" title="Pedestrian Guidelines 20 Nov09">Pedestrian Guidelines 20 Nov09</a> </b> from <b><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/uttipecDRAFT" target="_blank">uttipecDRAFT</a></b> </div>
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-67903022716289880692012-09-16T01:52:00.001-07:002012-09-16T01:52:42.465-07:00Electrical safety clearance 2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">
<br /></h2>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: maroon;"> </span><strong><span style="color: maroon;">Water Safely Clearance on Electrical Fires:</span></strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 312px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="204"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Minimum distances between a nozzle producing a fog stream of fresh water and a live conductor</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">Up to 750 V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">750 V to 15 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">4.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">15 KV to 230 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="204"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">5.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: maroon;"><strong> Minimum Approach Distance for Authorized Person:</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">This is the minimum distance that must be maintained by a person, vehicle or mobile plant.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 228px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">Up to 1 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.7 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">1 V to 6.6 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.7 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">6.6 KV to 11 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.7 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">11 KV to 22 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.7 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">22 KV to 33 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">33 KV to 66 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">66 KV to 132 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.2 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">132 KV to 220 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.8 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">220 KV to 330 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: maroon;"><strong> Minimum Approach Distance for Ordinary Person:</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 228px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">Up to 1 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">1 V to 6.6 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">6.6 KV to 11 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">11 KV to 22 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">22 KV to 33 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">33 KV to 66 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">66 KV to 132 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">132 KV to 220 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">4.5 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">220 KV to 330 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: maroon;"><strong> Minimum Approach Distance for Vehicle & Plant for Ordinary Person:</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 330px;"><tbody>
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="204"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Mobile Plant</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Vehicle</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">Up to 1 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.6 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">1 V to 6.6 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">6.6 KV to 11 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">11 KV to 22 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">22 KV to 33 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">33 KV to 66 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.1 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">66 KV to 132 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.1 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">132 KV to 220 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.9 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">220 KV to 330 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.4 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-49763564852859466182012-09-16T01:50:00.001-07:002012-09-16T01:50:52.841-07:00Safety Clearance for Transformer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">
<br /></h2>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Clearance from Outdoor Liquid Insulated Transformers to Buildings (NEC):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 628px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Liquid</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Liquid Volume (m3)</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Fire Resistant Wall</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Non-Combustible Wall</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Combustible Wall</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Vertical Distance</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;">Less Flammable</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;">NA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;"><38 m3="m3" span="span"></38></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;">>38 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">4.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">4.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;">Mineral Oil</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;"><1 .9=".9" m3="m3" span="span"></1></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">4.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;">1.9 m3 to 19 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">4.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="107"><span style="color: black;">> 19 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="71"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">30.5 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">30.5 Meter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <strong>Clearance between Two Outdoor Liquid Insulated Transformers (NEC):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 628px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Liquid</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Liquid Volume (m3)</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;">Less Flammable</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;">NA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;"><38 m3="m3" span="span"></38></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;">>38 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="74"><span style="color: black;">Mineral Oil</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;"><1 .9=".9" m3="m3" span="span"></1></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;">1.9 m3 to 19 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">7.6 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="130"><span style="color: black;">> 19 m3</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="72"><span style="color: black;">15.2 Meter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy;"><strong> Dry Type Transformer in Indoor Installation </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 420.21</strong></span><strong><span style="color: navy;">):</span></strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 516px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="300"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Up to 112.5 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: black;">300 mm (12 in.) from combustible material unless separated from the combustible material by a heat-insulated barrier.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Above 112.5 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: black;">Installed in a transformer room of fire-resistant construction.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Above 112.5 KVA with Class 155 Insulation</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: black;">separated from a fire-resistant barrier not less than 1.83 m (6 ft) horizontally and 3.7 m (12 ft) vertically</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: navy;"><strong> Dry Type Transformer in Outdoor Installation </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 420.22</strong></span><strong><span style="color: navy;">):</span></strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 516px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="300"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Above 112.5 KVA with Class 155 Insulation</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="300"><span style="color: black;">separated from a fire-resistant barrier not less than 1.83 m (6 ft) horizontally and 3.7 m (12 ft) vertically</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong> </strong></span><span style="color: navy;"><strong>Non Flammable Liquid-Insulated Transformer in Indoor Installation </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 420.21</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 552px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="150"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="402"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="150"><span style="color: black;">Over 35KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="402"><span style="color: black;">Installed indoors Vault (Having liquid confinement area and a pressure-relief vent for absorbing any gases generated by arcing inside the tank, the pressure-relief vent shall be connected to a chimney or flue that will carry such gases to an environmentally safe area</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="150"><span style="color: black;">Above 112.5 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="402"><span style="color: black;">Installed in a transformer room of fire-resistant construction.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="150"><span style="color: black;">Above 112.5 KVA (Class 155 Insulation)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="402"><span style="color: black;">separated from a fire-resistant barrier not less than 1.83 m (6 ft) horizontally and 3.7 m (12 ft) vertically</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Oil Insulated Transformer in Indoor Installation </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 420.25</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 552px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="132"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="420"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="132"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 112.5 KVA</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="420"><span style="color: black;">Installed indoors Vault (With construction of reinforced concrete that is not less than 100 mm (4 in.) thick.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="132"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 10 KVA & Up to 600V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="420"><span style="color: black;">Vault shall not be required if suitable arrangements are made to prevent a transformer oil fire from igniting</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="132"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 75 KVA & Up to 600V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="420"><span style="color: black;">Vault shall not be required if where the surrounding</span><span style="color: black;">Structure is classified as fire-resistant construction.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="132"><span style="color: black;">Furnace transformers (Up to 75 kVA)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="420"><span style="color: black;">Installed without a vault in a building or room of fire resistant construction</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong> <span style="color: navy;">Transformer Clearance from Building (IEEE Stand):</span></strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 324px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Transformer</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="198"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance from Building (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">Up to 75 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">75 KVA to 333 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><span style="color: black;">More than 333 KVA</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="198"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">9.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Transformer Clearance Specifications (</strong><strong>Stand</strong><strong>: Georgia Power Company):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 462px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="360"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Description of Clearance</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Clearance in front of the transformer</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Between Two pad mounted transformers (including Cooling fin)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.1 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Between Transformer and Trees, shrubs, vegetation( for unrestricted natural cooling )</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">The edge of the concrete transformer pad to nearest the building</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">4.2 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">The edge of the concrete transformer pad to nearest building wall, windows, or other openings</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Clearance from the transformer to edge of (or Canopy) building (3 or less stories)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Clearance in front of the transformer doors and on the left side of the transformer, looking at it from the front. (For operation of protective and switching devices on the unit.)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Gas service meter relief vents.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Fire sprinkler values, standpipes and fire hydrants</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.8 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">The water’s edge of a swimming pool or any body of water.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">4.5 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Facilities used to dispense hazardous liquids or gases</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Facilities used to store hazardous liquids or gases</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Clear vehicle passageway at all times, immediately adjacent of Transformer</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.6 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Fire safety clearances can be reduced by building a suitable masonry fire barrier wall (2.7 Meter wide and 4.5 Meter Tall) 0.9 Meter from the back or side of the Pad Mounted Transformer to the side of the combustible wall</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="360"><span style="color: black;">Front of the transformer must face away from the building.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong>Clearance of Transformer-Cable-Overhead Line</strong><strong> (</strong><strong>Stand</strong><strong>: Georgia Power Company):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 408px;"><tbody>
<tr><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Description of Clearance</strong></span></div>
</td><td colspan="3" style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="264"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Horizontal Distance (mm)</strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>to pad-mounted transformers</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>to buried HV cable</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>to overhead HV Line</strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Fuel tanks</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">7.5 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">7.5 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Granaries</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.6 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">15 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Homes</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.6 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">15 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Barns, sheds, garages</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.6 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">15 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Water wells</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">15 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="144"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Antennas</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="72"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.6 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="84"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Height of Antenna + 3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-46532761167369811702012-09-16T01:31:00.002-07:002012-09-16T01:31:34.049-07:00 Electrical Tools<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<h1 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">
<br /></h1>
<div>
<h4 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="color: maroon;">Excel base Programs (Electrical Engineering):</span><span style="color: navy;">Designed by: </span></strong><span style="color: navy;"><strong><em>Jignesh.Parmar</em></strong></span></h4>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(1) Cable Designing Program</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: red;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969395/CableDesign.New22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a> </span><strong><span style="color: maroon;"><span style="color: red;"> </span> </span> <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461649" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Voltage drop of Cable.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Cable.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Current Capacity of Cable.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(2) Conduit Size Selection Program</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969404/ConduitSize22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD </strong></span></a></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969404/ConduitSize22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461650" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></strong></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Conduit for LT Cable/CAT-5 Cable/Fiber Optical Cable.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(3) Selection of MCCB, ELCB For Main /Branch Circuit.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <span style="color: red;"><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969419/SelectionofMainCBandBranchCB22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a>.</strong><strong> </strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461651" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size and Type of Main MCCB/RCCB/ELCB for Continuous and Non Continuous Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Sensitivity of MCCB/RCCB/ELCB.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Cable.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size and Type of Sub Circuit MCCB/MCB for Continuous and Non Continuous Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total Load .</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Main and Branch Circuit Current.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="color: #003366;">(4) Selection of Fuse</span></strong></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<strong><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15157110/C.BTrippingSetting-MotorData28-5-11.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="border: none; max-width: 100%;" width="25" /></a><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969400/C.BTrippingSettingMotorData22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD </span></a> </span> </strong></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Fuse for Electrical Circuit.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(5) Size of Capacitor For Power Factor Improvements</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <span style="color: red;"><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969418/PowerFactorCorrection22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a> </strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><strong> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461652" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></strong></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Capacitor for Power Factor Improvements.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Annual Saving by selection of Capacitor.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Active and Reactive Power.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(6) Short Circuit Current Calculation at Various Point of Electrical Circuits(Isc).</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969415/ShortCircuitCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong> </span></a> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461654" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> <strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Short Circuit Current at Substation.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Short Circuit Current at Distribution point.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Short Circuit Current at Transformer.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Short Circuit Current at Main Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Short Circuit Current at Sub Distribution Board.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(7) Circuit Breaker Tripping Settings.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969400/C.BTrippingSettingMotorData22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong> FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Tripping Setting of Circuit Breaker.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(8) Motor Specifications</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969400/C.BTrippingSettingMotorData22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Various Specification of Motor.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(9) Calculate Home Electrical Load & Electrical Bill.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15157197/HomeElectricalBill28-5-11.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="border: none; max-width: 100%;" width="25" /></a><span style="color: red;"> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969421/HomeElectricalBill22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a>. <strong> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461655" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></strong></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Electrical Bill of Home</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of MCCB/MCB for Domestic Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Electrical Load of Home.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(10) Calculate Insulation Resistance Value and PI value</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<a href="http://www.ziddu.com/downloadlink/13955969/InsulationResistance.18-2-11.xls" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="border: none; max-width: 100%;" width="25" /></a><span style="color: red;"><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969417/InsulationResistance22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a>.</strong><strong> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461656" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15157203/InsulationResistance28-5-11.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong><br /></strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate minimum Insulation Resistance Value for Various Electrical Equipments.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate IR Value of Electrical Equipments.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Graph of IR Value</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Polarization Index Value with Graph</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Earth Resistivity.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(11) Calculate Electrical Load and Energy Consumption of Panel.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969397/ctricalLoadCalculationEnergyConsumption22.8.12..xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD.</strong></span></a><strong> </strong><strong> <a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461657" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">BUY UNLOCK VERSION</span></a></strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/15157194/ElectricalLoadCalculation28-5-11..xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong><br /></strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Continuous and non Continuous Electrical Load of Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate total Energy Consumption(KWH) in Daily/Monthly of Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of MCB of each branch circuit of Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Voltage / Voltage Difference of Each Phase</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Unbalanced Load in Neutral Wire.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Expected Temperature rise in Each Phase.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Load in Each Phase.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Starting/Full Load/Continuous/Non Continuous Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size/Type/Tripping setting of Main MCCB.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(12) Calculate Electrical Load of Panel.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969555/ElectricalPanelLoadCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD.</strong></span></a><strong><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969555/ElectricalPanelLoadCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a> </strong></strong><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461664" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Voltage / Voltage Difference of Each Phase</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Unbalanced Load in Neutral Wire.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Expected Temperature rise in Each Phase.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Load in Each Phase and Outgoing Feeders.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Starting/Full Load/Continuous/Non Continuous Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Cables for Each Outgoing Feeder.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(13) Calculate Size of Battery Bank and Inverter.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969402/BatterysizeCalculator22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> <strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a><strong><strong> </strong></strong><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461645" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></strong></span></a></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total Demand Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Battery Bank in Amp.Hr.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Type of Connection of Batteries in Battery Bank</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Rating of Each Battery in Battery Bank</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Inverter.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size/Type/Tripping setting of Main MCCB.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(14) Calculate Size of Solar Panel / Battery Bank / Inverter.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: red;"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969416/SolarPanelDesign22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a> </strong><strong> </strong><strong> <strong> </strong></strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461663" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total Demand Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Solar Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Type of Connection of Solar Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Rating of Each Solar Panel.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Energy from Solar Panel as per Daily Sun lights.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size Battery Bank.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Type of connection of Batteries in Battery Bank</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate size of Inverter</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(15) Calculate No of Lighting Fittings and Lumen Output.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969414/LightingLumenCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD </strong></span></a><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969414/LightingLumenCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a> <strong> </strong></strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461662" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total Lumen Output for particular Area.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total No of Lighting Lamps.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total No of Lighting Fixtures.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate No of Fittings along with the Length and Width of Room.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="color: #003366;">(16) Calculate Bus Bar Size and Voltage Drop.</span></strong></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"> <strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969398/BusbarSizecalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a> </strong><strong><strong> </strong></strong><strong><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461646" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></strong></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Voltage Drop for Bus Bar.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Select Size of Bus Bar for particular Load.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Enter Your Sub Panel Details like Load,Line Length.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(17) Design of Earthing Mat for Sub-Station:</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969413/S.SEarthingMatDesign22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>FREE DOWNLOAD </strong></span></a><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969413/S.SEarthingMatDesign22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a> <strong> </strong></strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461661" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Program is design as per ANSI/IEEE 80-1986 Code.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Step Potential of Switch yard.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Touch Potential of Switch yard.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total Length of Earthing Mat Conductor.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Earthing Mat Conductor.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total No of Earthing Rods.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(18) Calculate Touch Voltage and Ground Current.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /> <strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969420/TouchVoltageGroundcurrent22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a> <strong> </strong><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461660" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Calculate Resistance of Each Phase.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Calculate Resistance of neutral/Ground.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Calculate Neutral Current and Load.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Calculate Touch Voltage for Metal part to Earth.</li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Calculate Body Resistance and Body Current.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: #003366;"><strong>(19) Calculate Size of Diesel Generator.</strong></span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969401/D.GSizeCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> <strong>FREE DOWNLOAD</strong></span></a><strong><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969401/D.GSizeCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a><strong> </strong></strong></span><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.payloadz.com/go/sip?id=1461659" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"><strong>BUY UNLOCK VERSION</strong></span></a></span></strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of D.G Set for Linear,Non-Linear Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of D.G Set for Motor Load</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate D.G Set Efficiency.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate UPL (Unit per Liter) of D.G Set</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Unit Power Cost of D.G Set</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Approximate Fuel Consumption.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="color: #003366;">(20) Calculate Size of air conditioning for room.</span></strong></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
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<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Size of Air Conditioning for Your Room.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate AC Size in BTU/Hr.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate AC size in Tone.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Heating and Cooling BTU.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<strong><span style="color: #003366;">(21) <strong>Calculate Transverse Load on PCC/RCC/RSJ/Tublar/RSJ Pole.</strong>.</span></strong></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><strong> <span style="color: red;"> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969403/ElectricalPolesTrasverseLoadCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD.</span></a></span></strong><strong><span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969403/ElectricalPolesTrasverseLoadCalculation22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;"> </span></a> </span> </strong></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Crippling load on Pole</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Wind Load on Pole.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate wind Load on all Conductors.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Transverse Load on Pole</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Decide spacing between Two Conductor as per IS:5613.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate required Voltage level of Overhead Line according to Distance.</span></li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;">(22) Calculate % Voltage Regulation of Small Distribution Line.</span></h3>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<img alt="" height="25" src="http://i37.tinypic.com/wwg6d0.jpg" style="max-width: 100%;" width="25" /><strong> <span style="color: red;"> <a href="http://www.ziddu.com/download/19969399/CalculateVoltageRegulationofLine22.8.12.xls.html" style="color: #008dcf; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: red;">FREE DOWNLOAD</span></a></span></strong><span style="color: red;"><strong> </strong></span></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate % Voltage Regulation of Small Distribution Line</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate % Voltage drop of Individual Load.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate % Voltage drop of Various ACSR, AAAC, AAC conductor overhead Line.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Receiving end Voltage of Distribution Line.</span></li>
<li style="list-style-type: square; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: black;">Calculate Total % Voltage Regulation of Distribution Line.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-89874302436799961962012-09-16T01:19:00.001-07:002012-09-16T01:19:28.086-07:00Safety Clearance for Electrical Panel:<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 5px;">
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<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="color: navy;"> Working Space around Indoor Panel/Circuit Board (NES 312.2):</span></strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 456px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts to Not live parts( or grounded parts )</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts to Grounded parts (concrete, brick, and walls).</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts on both sides</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 150 V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.914 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.914 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.914 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">150 V to 600 V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.914 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.07 Meter (3’6”)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.22 Meter (4 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"> <strong>Clearance around an Indoor electrical panel (</strong><strong>NES 110.26</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 522px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Description of Clearance</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Left to Right the minimum clearance</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Distance between Panel and wall</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Distance between Panel and Ceiling</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Clear Height in front of Panel>480V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.0 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Clear Height in front of Panel <480v span="span"></480v></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Clearance When Facing Other Electrical Panels < 480V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.9 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">The width of the working</span><span style="color: black;">space in front of the Panel</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">The width of Panel or 0.762 Meter which is Greater.</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Headroom of working spaces for panel boards (Up to 200Amp)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 2 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Headroom of working spaces for panel boards (More than 200Amp &Panel height is max 2 Meter)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 2 Meter( If Panel height is max 2 Meter)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Headroom of working spaces for panel boards (More than 200Amp &Panel height is more than 2 Meter)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">If Panel height is more than 2 Meter than clearance should not less than panel Height</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Entrance For Panel (More than 1200 Amp and over 1.8 m Wide)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">One entrance required for working space (Not less than 610 mm wide and 2.0 m high )</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Personal Door For Panel (More than 1200 Amp)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Personnel door(s) intended for entrance to and egress from the working space less than 7.6 m from the nearest edge of the working space</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Dedicated Electrical Space.</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Required Space is width and depth of the Panel and extending from the floor to a height of 1.8 m (6 ft) above the equipment or to the structural ceiling, whichever is lower</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">The door(s) shall open in the direction of egress and be equipped with panic bars, pressure plates, or other devices that are normally latched but open under simple pressure</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><span style="color: black;">the work space shall permit at least a 90 degree opening of equipment doors or hinged panels</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="306"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Clearance for Conductor Entering in Panel </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 408.5</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 408px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="222"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Description of Clearance</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="186"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="222"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Spacing between The conduit</span></div>
<div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">or raceways(including their end fittings) and Bottom of Enclosure</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="186"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Not rise more than 75 mm (3 in) above the bottom of the enclosure</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="222"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Spacing Between Bottom</span></div>
<div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">of Enclosure and Insulated bus bars, their supports,</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="186"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">200 mm</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="222"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Spacing Between Bottom of Enclosure and Non insulated bus bars</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="186"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">200 mm</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Clearance between Bare Metal Bus bar in Panel </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 408.5</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 408px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="96"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="108"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Opposite Polarity</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong>Mounted on Same</strong></span><div style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Surface</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Opposite Polarity</strong></span><span style="color: black;"><strong>Where Held Free in Air</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Live Parts to Ground</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="96"><span style="color: black;">Up to 125 V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">19.1 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">12.7 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">12.7 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="96"><span style="color: black;">125 V to 250 V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">31.8 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">19.1 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">12.7 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="96"><span style="color: black;">250 V to 600 V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="108"><span style="color: black;">50.8 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">25.4 mm</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="90"><span style="color: black;">25.4 mm</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Clearance of Outdoor electrical panel to Fence/Wall (</strong><strong>NES 110.31</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 426px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="210"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">600 V to 13.8 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.05 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">13.8 K V to 230 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">4.57 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Above 230 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">5.49 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Working Space around Indoor Panel/Circuit Board (NES 110.34):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 474px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts to Not live parts( or grounded parts )</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts to Grounded parts (concrete, brick, and walls).</strong></span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Exposed live parts on both sides</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">601 V to 2.5 K V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">0.914 Meter (3 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.2 Meter (4 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter (5 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.5 K V to 9.0 K V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.2 Meter (4 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter (5 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.8 Meter (6 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">9.0 K V to 25 K V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.5 Meter (5 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.8 Meter (6 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.5 Meter (8 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">25 K V to 75 K V</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">1.8 Meter (6 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.5 Meter (8 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter (10 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Above 75 KV</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.5 Meter (8 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter (10 Ft)</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.7 Meter (12 Ft)</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Clearance around an Outdoor electrical panel (</strong><strong>NES 110.31</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 474px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Description of Clearance</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="258"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Distance (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Clear work space:</strong></span><span style="color: black;"> </span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="258"><span style="color: black;">Not less than 2.0 Meter high</span><span style="color: black;">(Measured vertically from the floor or platform) or not less than 914 mm (3 ft) wide (Measured parallel to the equipment).</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Entrance For Panel </strong>(More than 1200 Amp and over 1.8 m Wide)</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="258"><span style="color: black;">One entrance required for working space (Not less than 610 mm wide and 2.0 m high )</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Entrance For Panel:</strong> On Large panels exceeding 1.8 Meter in width</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="258"><span style="color: black;">One Entrance at each end of the equipment.</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Nonmetallic or Metal-enclosed Panel in general public and the bottom of the enclosure is less than 2.5 m (8 ft) above the floor or grade level</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="258"><span style="color: black;">Enclosure door or hinged cover shall be kept locked.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Elevation of Unguarded Live Parts above Working Space </strong><strong>(</strong><strong>NES 110.34E</strong><strong>):</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 426px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="216"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="210"><span style="color: black;"><strong>Elevation (min)</strong></span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">600 V to 7.5 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.8 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">7.5 K V to 35 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.9 Meter</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="216"><span style="color: black;">Above 35 KV</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="210"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.9 Meter + 9.5 mm/KV</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 18px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="color: navy;"><strong> Working Space for Panel </strong><strong>(Code Georgia Power Company)</strong><strong>:</strong></span></h3>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: start; width: 420px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;"><strong>Voltage</strong></span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><span style="color: black;">Exposed live parts to Not live parts( or grounded parts )</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="114"><span style="color: black;">Exposed live parts to Grounded parts (concrete, brick, and walls).</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">Exposed live parts on both sides</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">Up to 150 V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="120"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">150 V to 600 V</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">3.5 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">4.0 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">600 V to 2.5 KV</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">4.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">5.0 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">2.5 KV to 9 KV</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><span style="color: black;">3.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">5.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" width="102"><div align="center" style="padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<span style="color: black;">9 KV to 25 KV</span></div>
</td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="120"><span style="color: black;">5.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="114"><span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></td><td style="border: 1px solid rgb(230, 230, 230); padding: 0.25em 1em;" valign="top" width="84"><span style="color: black;">6.0 Meter</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-73701897948667076892012-09-16T00:28:00.001-07:002012-09-16T01:53:02.867-07:00What is the difference between MCB, MCCB, ELCB, and RCCB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2 style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 23px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14640" height="280" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/mcb-miniature-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)" width="150" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current not more than 100 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Trip characteristics</strong></span> normally not adjustable.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.</li>
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MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14651" height="273" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/mccb-moulded-case-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)" width="220" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current up to 1000 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Trip current may be adjustable.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.</li>
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Air Circuit Breaker</h2>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current up to 10,000 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Trip characteristics often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Usually electronically controlled—some models are microprocessor controlled.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.</li>
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Vacuum Circuit Breaker</h2>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">With rated current up to 3000 A,</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">These breakers interrupt the arc in a vacuum bottle.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">These can also be applied at up to 35,000 V.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Vacuum circuit breakers</strong></span> tend to have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.</li>
</ul>
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RCD (Residual Current Device / RCCB(Residual Current Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="RCCB - Residual Current Circuit Breaker" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14662" height="189" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/rccb-residual-current-device.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="RCCB - Residual Current Circuit Breaker" width="178" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Phase (line) and Neutral</strong></span> both wires connected through RCD.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It trips the circuit when there is earth fault current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The amount of current flows through the phase (line) should return through neutral .</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It detects by RCD. any mismatch between two currents flowing through phase and neutral detect by -RCD and trip the circuit within 30Miliseconed.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">If a house has an earth system connected to an earth rod and not the main incoming cable, then it must have all circuits protected by an RCD (because u mite not be able to get enough fault current to trip a MCB)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCDs are an extremely effective form of shock protection</li>
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The most widely used are 30 mA (milliamp) and 100 mA devices. A current flow of 30 mA (or 0.03 amps) is sufficiently small that it makes it very difficult to receive a dangerous shock. Even 100 mA is a relatively small figure when compared to the current that may flow in an earth fault without such protection (hundred of amps)</div>
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A 300/500 mA RCCB may be used where only fire protection is required. eg., on lighting circuits, where the risk of electric shock is small.</div>
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Limitation of RCCB</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Standard electromechanical RCCBs are designed to operate on normal supply</strong> <strong>waveforms</strong>and cannot be guaranteed to operate where none standard waveforms are generated by loads. The most common is the half wave rectified waveform sometimes called pulsating dc generated by speed control devices, semi conductors, computers and even dimmers.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Specially modified RCCBs are available which will operate on normal ac and pulsating dc.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCDs don’t offer protection against current overloads</strong>: RCDs detect an imbalance in the live and neutral currents. A current overload, however large, cannot be detected. It is a frequent cause of problems with novices to replace an MCB in a fuse box with an RCD. This may be done in an attempt to increase shock protection. If a live-neutral fault occurs (a short circuit, or an overload), the RCD won’t trip, and may be damaged. In practice, the main MCB for the premises will probably trip, or the service fuse, so the situation is unlikely to lead to catastrophe; but it may be inconvenient.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It is now possible to get an MCB and and RCD in a single unit, called an RCBO (see below). Replacing an MCB with an RCBO of the same rating is generally safe.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Nuisance tripping of RCCB:</strong> Sudden changes in electrical load can cause a small, brief current flow to earth, especially in old appliances. RCDs are very sensitive and operate very quickly; they may well trip when the motor of an old freezer switches off. Some equipment is notoriously `leaky’, that is, generate a small, constant current flow to earth. Some types of computer equipment, and large television sets, are widely reported to cause problems.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against a socket outlet being wired with its live and neutral terminals</strong>the wrong way round.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against the overheating </strong>that results when conductors are not properly screwed into their terminals.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against live-neutral shocks</strong>, because the current in the live and neutral is balanced. So if you touch live and neutral conductors at the same time (e.g., both terminals of a light fitting), you may still get a nasty shock.</li>
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ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)</h3>
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<img alt="ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14673" height="280" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/elcb-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)" width="232" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.<strong></strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current.<strong></strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Operating Time of ELCB: </strong></span></em></li>
<ul style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The safest limit of Current which Human Body can withstand is 30ma sec.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Hence ELCB must be operated in 30maSec/460mA = 0.65msec</li>
</ul>
</ul>
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Top</div>
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RCBO (Residual Circuit Breaker with OverLoad)</h2>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It is possible to get a combined MCB and RCCB in one device (Residual Current Breaker with Overload RCBO), the principals are the same, but more styles of disconnection are fitted into one package</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; word-spacing: 1px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; word-spacing: 1px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ELCB is the old name and often refers to voltage operated devices that are no longer available and it is advised you replace them if you find one.</span><span style="color: #777777; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">Difference between ELCB and RCCB</span></div>
</span></h3>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCCB or RCD is the new name that specifies current operated (hence the new name to distinguish from voltage operated).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The new RCCB is best because it will detect any earth fault. The voltage type only detects earth faults that flow back through the main earth wire so this is why they stopped being used.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The easy way to tell an old voltage operated trip is to look for the main earth wire connected through it.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCCB will only have the line and neutral connections.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current. But RCCB is not having sensing or connectivity of Earth, because fundamentally Phase current is equal to the neutral current in single phase. That’s why RCCB can trip when the both currents are deferent and it withstand up to both the currents are same. Both the neutral and phase currents are different that means current is flowing through the Earth.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Finally both are working for same, but the thing is connectivity is difference.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCD does not necessarily require an earth connection itself (it monitors only the live and neutral).In addition it detects current flows to earth even in equipment without an earth of its own.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">This means that an RCD will continue to give shock protection in equipment that has a faulty earth. It is these properties that have made the RCD more popular than its rivals. For example, earth-leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) were widely used about ten years ago. These devices measured the voltage on the earth conductor; if this voltage was not zero this indicated a current leakage to earth. The problem is that ELCBs need a sound earth connection, as does the equipment it protects. As a result, the use of ELCBs is no longer recommended.</li>
</ul>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; word-spacing: 1px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; word-spacing: 1px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The first characteristic is the overload which is intended to prevent the accidental overloading of the cable in a no fault situation. The speed of the MCB tripping will vary with the degree of the overload. This is usually achieved by the use of a thermal device in the MCB.</span></div>
</span></h3>
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</h3>
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MCB Selection</h3>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; text-align: justify; word-spacing: 1px;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The second characteristic is the magnetic fault protection, which is intended to operate when the fault reaches a predetermined level and to trip the MCB within one tenth of a second. The level of this magnetic trip gives the MCB its type characteristic as follows:</span></div>
<span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #f9f9f9; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; word-spacing: 1px;"><br /></span></div>
</span><div style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
</div>
<table border="0" style="border-color: rgb(81, 87, 95); border-spacing: 0px; border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 18px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: top; width: 584px; word-spacing: 1px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type</span></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tripping Current</span></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Operating Time</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type B</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">3 To 5 time full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 13 Sec</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type C</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">5 To 10 times full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 5 Sec</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type D</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>type b - 0.04-13 sec</strong><br />
<strong>type c - 0.04-5 sec</strong><br />
<strong>type d - 0.04-3 sec</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">10 To 20 times full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 3 Sec<br />
<br />
<br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">The third characteristic is the short circuit protection, which is intended to protect against heavy faults maybe in thousands of amps caused by short circuit faults.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">The capability of the MCB to operate under these conditions gives its short circuit rating in Kilo amps (KA). In general for consumer units a 6KA fault level is adequate whereas for industrial boards 10KA fault capabilities or above may be required.</li>
</ul>
<div class="divider top" style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; clear: both; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 8px; line-height: 10px; margin: 0px 0px 30px; padding: 8px 0px 0px; position: relative; text-align: right; vertical-align: baseline; width: 624px; word-spacing: 1px;">
Top</div>
<h3 style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #777777; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
Fuse and MCB characteristics</h3>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Fuses and MCBs are rated in amps. The amp rating given on the fuse or MCB body is the amount of current it will pass continuously. This is normally called the rated current or nominal current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Many people think that if the current exceeds the nominal current, the device will trip, instantly. So if the rating is 30 amps, a current of 30.00001 amps will trip it, right? This is not true.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The fuse and the MCB, even though their nominal currents are similar, have very different properties.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For example, For 32Amp MCB and 30 Amp Fuse, to be sure of tripping in 0.1 seconds, the MCB requires a current of 128 amps, while the fuse requires 300 amps.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The fuse clearly requires more current to blow it in that time, but notice how much bigger <em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">both</em>these currents are than the ’30 amps’ marked current rating.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">There is a small likelihood that in the course of, say, a month, a 30-amp fuse will trip when carrying 30 amps. If the fuse has had a couple of overloads before (which may not even have been noticed) this is much more likely. This explains why fuses can sometimes ‘blow’ for no obvious reason</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">If the fuse is marked ’30 amps’, but it will actually stand 40 amps for over an hour, how can we justify calling it a ’30 amp’ fuse? The answer is that the overload characteristics of fuses are designed to match the properties of modern cables. For example, a modern PVC-insulated cable will stand a 50% overload for an hour, so it seems reasonable that the fuse should as well.</li>
</ul>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-32562072223031890822012-09-16T00:28:00.000-07:002012-09-16T00:32:08.421-07:00What is the difference between MCB, MCCB, ELCB, and RCCB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14640" height="280" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/mcb-miniature-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)" width="150" /></div>
<h5 style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #51575f; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 1.6px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; text-align: justify; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current not more than 100 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Trip characteristics</strong></span> normally not adjustable.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.</li>
</ul>
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MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14651" height="273" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/mccb-moulded-case-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="MCCB (Moulded Case Circuit Breaker)" width="220" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current up to 1000 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Trip current may be adjustable.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation.</li>
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<a href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/what-is-the-difference-between-mcb-mccb-elcb-and-rccb#" style="-webkit-transition: 0.3s; background-attachment: scroll; background-image: none; background-position: 0px 0px; background-repeat: repeat repeat; color: #bbbbbb; font-weight: bold; height: 20px; outline: none; position: absolute; right: 0px; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px 0px; top: 12px; width: 20px;">Top</a></div>
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Air Circuit Breaker</h2>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Rated current up to 10,000 A.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Trip characteristics often fully adjustable including configurable trip thresholds and delays.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Usually electronically controlled—some models are microprocessor controlled.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Often used for main power distribution in large industrial plant, where the breakers are arranged in draw-out enclosures for ease of maintenance.</li>
</ul>
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Vacuum Circuit Breaker</h2>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">With rated current up to 3000 A,</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">These breakers interrupt the arc in a vacuum bottle.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">These can also be applied at up to 35,000 V.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Vacuum circuit breakers</strong></span> tend to have longer life expectancies between overhaul than do air circuit breakers.</li>
</ul>
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RCD (Residual Current Device / RCCB(Residual Current Circuit Breaker)</h2>
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<img alt="RCCB - Residual Current Circuit Breaker" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14662" height="189" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/rccb-residual-current-device.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="RCCB - Residual Current Circuit Breaker" width="178" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
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<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Phase (line) and Neutral</strong></span> both wires connected through RCD.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It trips the circuit when there is earth fault current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The amount of current flows through the phase (line) should return through neutral .</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It detects by RCD. any mismatch between two currents flowing through phase and neutral detect by -RCD and trip the circuit within 30Miliseconed.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">If a house has an earth system connected to an earth rod and not the main incoming cable, then it must have all circuits protected by an RCD (because u mite not be able to get enough fault current to trip a MCB)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCDs are an extremely effective form of shock protection</li>
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The most widely used are 30 mA (milliamp) and 100 mA devices. A current flow of 30 mA (or 0.03 amps) is sufficiently small that it makes it very difficult to receive a dangerous shock. Even 100 mA is a relatively small figure when compared to the current that may flow in an earth fault without such protection (hundred of amps)</div>
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A 300/500 mA RCCB may be used where only fire protection is required. eg., on lighting circuits, where the risk of electric shock is small.</div>
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Limitation of RCCB</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Standard electromechanical RCCBs are designed to operate on normal supply</strong> <strong>waveforms</strong>and cannot be guaranteed to operate where none standard waveforms are generated by loads. The most common is the half wave rectified waveform sometimes called pulsating dc generated by speed control devices, semi conductors, computers and even dimmers.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Specially modified RCCBs are available which will operate on normal ac and pulsating dc.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCDs don’t offer protection against current overloads</strong>: RCDs detect an imbalance in the live and neutral currents. A current overload, however large, cannot be detected. It is a frequent cause of problems with novices to replace an MCB in a fuse box with an RCD. This may be done in an attempt to increase shock protection. If a live-neutral fault occurs (a short circuit, or an overload), the RCD won’t trip, and may be damaged. In practice, the main MCB for the premises will probably trip, or the service fuse, so the situation is unlikely to lead to catastrophe; but it may be inconvenient.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It is now possible to get an MCB and and RCD in a single unit, called an RCBO (see below). Replacing an MCB with an RCBO of the same rating is generally safe.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Nuisance tripping of RCCB:</strong> Sudden changes in electrical load can cause a small, brief current flow to earth, especially in old appliances. RCDs are very sensitive and operate very quickly; they may well trip when the motor of an old freezer switches off. Some equipment is notoriously `leaky’, that is, generate a small, constant current flow to earth. Some types of computer equipment, and large television sets, are widely reported to cause problems.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against a socket outlet being wired with its live and neutral terminals</strong>the wrong way round.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against the overheating </strong>that results when conductors are not properly screwed into their terminals.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>RCD will not protect against live-neutral shocks</strong>, because the current in the live and neutral is balanced. So if you touch live and neutral conductors at the same time (e.g., both terminals of a light fitting), you may still get a nasty shock.</li>
</ul>
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ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)</h3>
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<img alt="ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14673" height="280" src="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/uploads/elcb-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker.jpg" style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" title="ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)" width="232" /></div>
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CHARACTERISTICS</h5>
<ul style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.<strong></strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current.<strong></strong></li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong>Operating Time of ELCB: </strong></span></em></li>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The safest limit of Current which Human Body can withstand is 30ma sec.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Hence ELCB must be operated in 30maSec/460mA = 0.65msec</li>
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RCBO (Residual Circuit Breaker with OverLoad)</h2>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">It is possible to get a combined MCB and RCCB in one device (Residual Current Breaker with Overload RCBO), the principals are the same, but more styles of disconnection are fitted into one package</li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">ELCB is the old name and often refers to voltage operated devices that are no longer available and it is advised you replace them if you find one.</span><span style="color: #777777; font-family: Tahoma, Geneva, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">Difference between ELCB and RCCB</span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCCB or RCD is the new name that specifies current operated (hence the new name to distinguish from voltage operated).</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The new RCCB is best because it will detect any earth fault. The voltage type only detects earth faults that flow back through the main earth wire so this is why they stopped being used.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The easy way to tell an old voltage operated trip is to look for the main earth wire connected through it.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCCB will only have the line and neutral connections.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current. But RCCB is not having sensing or connectivity of Earth, because fundamentally Phase current is equal to the neutral current in single phase. That’s why RCCB can trip when the both currents are deferent and it withstand up to both the currents are same. Both the neutral and phase currents are different that means current is flowing through the Earth.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Finally both are working for same, but the thing is connectivity is difference.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">RCD does not necessarily require an earth connection itself (it monitors only the live and neutral).In addition it detects current flows to earth even in equipment without an earth of its own.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">This means that an RCD will continue to give shock protection in equipment that has a faulty earth. It is these properties that have made the RCD more popular than its rivals. For example, earth-leakage circuit breakers (ELCBs) were widely used about ten years ago. These devices measured the voltage on the earth conductor; if this voltage was not zero this indicated a current leakage to earth. The problem is that ELCBs need a sound earth connection, as does the equipment it protects. As a result, the use of ELCBs is no longer recommended.</li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The first characteristic is the overload which is intended to prevent the accidental overloading of the cable in a no fault situation. The speed of the MCB tripping will vary with the degree of the overload. This is usually achieved by the use of a thermal device in the MCB.</span></div>
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MCB Selection</h3>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">The second characteristic is the magnetic fault protection, which is intended to operate when the fault reaches a predetermined level and to trip the MCB within one tenth of a second. The level of this magnetic trip gives the MCB its type characteristic as follows:</span></div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Type</span></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tripping Current</span></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-color: #555555; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span style="border: 0px; color: white; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Operating Time</span></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type B</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">3 To 5 time full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 13 Sec</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type C</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">5 To 10 times full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 5 Sec</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; vertical-align: top;"><strong>Type D</strong><br />
<strong><br /></strong>
<strong>type b - 0.04-13 sec</strong><br />
<strong>type c - 0.04-5 sec</strong><br />
<strong>type d - 0.04-3 sec</strong></td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">10 To 20 times full load current</td><td style="background-attachment: scroll; background-image: url(http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/wp-content/themes/infocus/images/line.gif); background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; border: 0px; color: #666666; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;">0.04 To 3 Sec<br />
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</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">The third characteristic is the short circuit protection, which is intended to protect against heavy faults maybe in thousands of amps caused by short circuit faults.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; color: #4d4d4d; font-family: Helvetica, 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 20px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline; word-spacing: 1px;">The capability of the MCB to operate under these conditions gives its short circuit rating in Kilo amps (KA). In general for consumer units a 6KA fault level is adequate whereas for industrial boards 10KA fault capabilities or above may be required.</li>
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Fuse and MCB characteristics</h3>
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<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Fuses and MCBs are rated in amps. The amp rating given on the fuse or MCB body is the amount of current it will pass continuously. This is normally called the rated current or nominal current.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Many people think that if the current exceeds the nominal current, the device will trip, instantly. So if the rating is 30 amps, a current of 30.00001 amps will trip it, right? This is not true.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The fuse and the MCB, even though their nominal currents are similar, have very different properties.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">For example, For 32Amp MCB and 30 Amp Fuse, to be sure of tripping in 0.1 seconds, the MCB requires a current of 128 amps, while the fuse requires 300 amps.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">The fuse clearly requires more current to blow it in that time, but notice how much bigger <em style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">both</em>these currents are than the ’30 amps’ marked current rating.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">There is a small likelihood that in the course of, say, a month, a 30-amp fuse will trip when carrying 30 amps. If the fuse has had a couple of overloads before (which may not even have been noticed) this is much more likely. This explains why fuses can sometimes ‘blow’ for no obvious reason</li>
<li style="border: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; list-style: disc outside; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">If the fuse is marked ’30 amps’, but it will actually stand 40 amps for over an hour, how can we justify calling it a ’30 amp’ fuse? The answer is that the overload characteristics of fuses are designed to match the properties of modern cables. For example, a modern PVC-insulated cable will stand a 50% overload for an hour, so it seems reasonable that the fuse should as well.</li>
</ul>
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-36966798451360812332012-09-11T01:19:00.000-07:002012-09-11T01:24:36.901-07:00Electrical Interview Questions And Answers Part 3<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Reference: <a href="http://www.rsiwind.com/" target="_blank">www.rsiwind.com</a><br />
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Subject: Wind Turbine<br />
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<span lang="en" style="font-size: 9pt;" xml:lang="en"><strong>Q: What makes the TechnoSpin such a “Great Buy”?</strong></span><br />
<span lang="en" style="font-size: 9pt;" xml:lang="en"><strong>A:</strong> The TechnoSpin combines a high output generator at a great price, so when you take a look at the cost per kw, it is an amazing turbine that the manufacturer will stand behind and will produce years and years worth of electricity for you.</span></div>
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<span lang="en" style="font-size: 9pt;" xml:lang="en">The TechnoSpin can be used on-grid or off-grid, just let us know which application works best for you and we’ll set the unit up to meet that need; whether your charging battery’s for back-up power or connecting on-grid to off-set your current usage, the TechnoSpin will be there, producing for you.<strong></strong></span></div>
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<strong>Q: </strong><strong>What are the advantages of the <u>VBINE</u> Unit?</strong><strong></strong></div>
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<strong>A: <u>Accessibility</u></strong> ~ With a light and compact design, the VBINE mounts easily on to existing buildings, enabling power generation wherever energy is used. It can support urban environments, farms, high-rise buildings, communication towers, factories… the possibilities are infinite.</div>
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<strong><u>High Performance</u> ~ </strong>with no tail fin the VBINE is ALWAYS in the prime wind direction, if conventional turbines aren’t facing the exact direction of the wind, they aren’t getting 100% of the winds full potential power transferred to the generator. The VBINE solves this problem by taking wind from any direction.</div>
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<strong><u>Installation </u></strong>~ The VBINE can be installed on almost any location that uses power, on top of existing towers, on top of existing buildings, on top of power poles. The low weight of the unit and unique design allow it to easily be installed in almost any location that you can think of. If you’ve got a location with good wind, then you’ve got a good VBINE location.</div>
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<strong><u>Strength </u></strong>~ just like the WindGen, the VBINE is an extremely tough and durable unit, it’s made of stainless steel structural components and carbon fiber blades – carbon fiber is one of the premier materials on the market when it comes to strength vs weight, meaning you can get the strength of steel, but at a significantly lower weight. When it comes to turning blades with the wind, weight is an issue, so if you can’t have steel, then Carbon Fiber is just as strong, but with a lower weight which will increase productivity</div>
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<strong>Q: Why should I install a Wind Turbine?<br />A: </strong>WindGen systems can provide consumers in windy locations with a cushion against electric power price increases. Depending on your location, a WindGen system can lower your electricity bill and help you avoid the high costs of having utility lines extended to remote locations. Wind energy systems not only help you reduce your electricity cost, they also allow you to <span class="greentext" style="color: #006600; font-size: 9pt; font-style: italic;">Go Green by helping to reduce dependence on fossil fuels</span>, and they are non-polluting. Over its lifetime, a WindGen turbine can offset approximately 2-4 tons of air pollutants and up to 400 tons of greenhouse gases.</div>
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<strong>Q: Many places refer to Meter/Second (M/S). How do I convert that to MPH?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>The formula is 1 M/S = 2.237 MPH .<em class="greentext" style="color: #006600;"> Example: 10 M/S = 22.369 MPH</em><br />
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<strong>Q: What is "net metering"?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>We refer to net metering as "on grid" wind power generation. In short, it allows you to connect your wind turbine to your electrical meter. Any excess power that you produce, in effect, runs your electrical meter BACKWARDS. </div>
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<strong>Q: How much energy will my system generate?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Most U.S. manufactures rate their turbines by the amount of power they can safely produce at a particular wind speed, usually chosen between 27 mph and 37 mph with a higher start up speed of 7mph. The WindGen is rated at 25mph (10KW) with a very low startup of 4 mph. In fact the WindGen will produce 15.8KW and keep producing that in high wind, where all the others will have to shut down. Being able to keep producing full output in high wind is an area that has not been address in yearly output planning by any groups like AWES or NREL. All the units on the market today have to start to shut down above 35 to 40mph. Look at the others wind charts, in-fact they have to start reducing their output greatly, which lowers their yearly output even more. The RSI WindGen provides the max return on investment to you yearly in any wind.</div>
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<strong>Q: Can RSI Wind Turbines go “off-grid” and can I add solar too?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Yes, off-grid hybrid wind energy systems can be appropriate for homes, farms or entire communities that are far away from the nearest utility lines. According to many renewable energy experts, a “hybrid” system that combines wind photovoltaic (PV) technologies offers several advantages over either single system. This is built into the WindGen controls, so you can change or add as you need later on, you can even add a back up Gen/Set (generator).</div>
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WindGen Off-Grid System</div>
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<strong>Q: How much does a system cost?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> A general rule of thumb is that a small system can cost from $2,500 to $8,000 per kW. But be aware that most wind companies that sell wind units do not have “turn-key” packages and the tower, batteries, inverters, foundation, installation and permitting costs can add another 50% to 100% or more to the purchase cost. Also, maintenance costs which might range between 1-3% of the initial installation cost. The RSI package has it all for one price.</div>
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<strong>Q: Can I use my own tower and buy just the head?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> The turbine and tower system are designed as an integral, joint unit to account for all loads on the system. The standard unit is on an 80 foot tower which is much larger than older towers that you might have. Therefore, the tower and turbine must be purchased together for the five-year Warranty to be valid. The standard 10KW WindGen has a 25 foot head.</div>
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<img alt="Not Your Granddad's Windmill!" height="137" src="http://www.rsiwind.com/images/windgen_shipping_2.jpg" width="200" /><br />
This is the gearbox for the head on 40 foot truck trailer (This is not your granddad's windmill!).</div>
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The 2.2kw & 4kw TechnoSpins CAN be installed on existing wind mill towers or tall structures that you may have on your property, but only after RSI has reviewed the structure for structural stability – this would typically be a self-install situation.</div>
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<strong>Q: Is wind energy practical for me?<br />A:</strong> A WindGen system can provide you with a practical and economical source of electricity if:</div>
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<li>Your property has a good wind resource</li>
<li>Your home or business is located on at least one acre of land or in a rural area</li>
<li>You are able to have adequate set backs between the turbine and buildings, roads, and property lines; minimum set backs equal to the total wind structure height are generally recommended</li>
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<strong>Q: How much space do I need to install a WindGen?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> A variety of factors such as: the size of the foundation, distance from inhabited buildings, zoning requirements, set back distance from property lines, etc. must be considered in order to determine the amount of space needed. Typically, a standard Windgen is on a 16’ x 16’ foundation with 18”-24” drill footers 8’ to12’ deep depending on tower configuration and soil type.</div>
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Tower Height:</div>
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<img alt="Obstruction by Trees or Buildings" border="0" height="345" src="http://www.rsiwind.com/images/obstruction_by_bldg_tree.jpg" width="703" /><br />
The ideal turbine height is the rotor + 2x obstacle height, but……the ideal may not be practical.</div>
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<img alt="Obstruction by Trees or Buildings" border="0" height="225" src="http://www.rsiwind.com/images/obstruction_by_bldg_tree2.jpg" width="479" /><br />
The entire rotor should<strong> </strong>be at least 30<strong>’ </strong>above the trees and buildings. </div>
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<strong>Q: Is the WindGen suitable for coastal applications?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Yes, our turbines are TIA rated for coastal environments.</div>
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<strong>Q: Is lightning a problem with the WindGen?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> All towers and Wind turbines carry an inherent risk of lightning damage due to their height. The WindGen is built to hardened Mil spec and installed like telecom towers with proper grounding at key points to mitigate damage from lightning strikes. RSI has years of work on telecom grounding generally, damage from lightning strikes is minimal.</div>
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<strong>Q: Do wind turbines harm birds?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Both, the Audubon Society in California and the Department of Natural Resources in Wisconsin and others have issued letters stating that due to size, most small turbines do not require an environmental study regarding impact on bird populations.<br />
Bird mortality has been absent to very low at all newer generation wind plants studied in the U.S. The National Wind Coordinating Committee (NWCC) completed a comparison of wind farm avian mortality with bird mortality caused by other man-made structures in the U.S., and found that commercial wind turbines cause the direct deaths of only 0.01% to 0.02% of all birds killed by collisions with man-made structures and activities. Early wind turbine machines and still some today, spun faster than the WindGen and therefore did pose problems for birds. Bird collisions with the WindGen’s are very rare if at all we know of no known bird kills. </div>
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<strong>Q: How long after a WindGen turbine is purchased, will it be installed?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> You can expect the WindGen will be installed approximately 60 days after the purchase date.</div>
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<strong>Q: Do I need a building permit to erect the Windgen?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Building permit requirements vary according to site location and application. Permitting requirements are determined Site Analysis by RSI WIND </div>
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<strong>Q: How close can a wind tower be installed to an airport?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> According to FAA regulations, turbines under 200 feet do not require lighting if they are more than 20,000 feet away from an existing runway. The FAA does require notification if the turbine is sited within 20,000 feet of an existing runway. These types of issues would be addressed in RSI’s Wind’s Feasibility Studies to ensure all regulations are adhered to. RSI has years working with large telecom towers, so we know how to deal with this.</div>
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Most installs do not require any FAA approval.</div>
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<strong>Q: </strong><strong>What are the advantages of the VBINE Unit?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> <strong><u>Accessibility</u></strong> <strong>~</strong> With a light and compact design, the VBINE mounts easily on to existing buildings, enabling power generation wherever energy is used. It can support urban environments, farms, high-rise buildings, communication towers, factories… the possibilities are infinite.</div>
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<strong><u>High Performance</u> ~ </strong>with no tail fin the VBINE is ALWAYS in the prime wind direction, if conventional turbines aren’t facing the exact direction of the wind, they aren’t getting 100% of the winds full potential power transferred to the generator. The VBINE solves this problem by taking wind from any direction.</div>
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<strong><u>Installation </u>~</strong> The VBINE can be installed on almost any location that uses power, on top of existing towers, on top of existing buildings, on top of power poles. The low weight of the unit and unique design allow it to easily be installed in almost any location that you can think of. If you’ve got a location with good wind, then you’ve got a good VBINE location.</div>
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<strong><u>Strength </u>~</strong> just like the WindGen, the VBINE is an extremely tough and durable unit, it’s made of stainless steel structural components and carbon fiber blades – carbon fiber is one of the premier materials on the market when it comes to strength vs. weight, meaning you can get the strength of steel, but at a significantly lower weight. When it comes to turning blades with the wind, weight is an issue, so if you can’t have steel, then Carbon Fiber is just as strong, but with a lower weight which will increase productivity.</div>
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<strong>Q: What is "Wind capacity factor"?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Capacity factor is one element in measuring the productivity of a wind turbine or any other power production facility. It compares the plant's actual production over a given period of time with the amount of power the plant would have produced if it had run at full capacity for the same amount of time.</div>
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<strong> Actual amount of power produced over time<br />Capacity Factor =<br /> Power that would have been produced if turbine operated at maximum output 100% of the time</strong></div>
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A conventional utility power plant uses fuel, so it will normally run much of the time unless it is idled by equipment problems or for maintenance. A capacity factor of 40% to 80% is typical for conventional plants. A wind plant is "fueled" by the wind, which blows steadily at times and not at all at other times. Although modern utility-scale wind turbines typically operate 65% to 90% of the time, they often run at less than full capacity. Therefore, a capacity factor of 25% to 40% is common, although they may achieve higher capacity factors during windy weeks or months. But the RSI WindGen also never shuts down, even in high wind. In fact the Windgen can produce up to 15.8 KW in high wind when all the other units have had to shut down. It is important to note that while capacity factor is almost entirely a matter of reliability for a fueled power plant, it is not for a wind plant—for a wind plant, it is a matter of economical turbine design. With a very large rotor and a very small generator, a wind turbine would run at full capacity whenever the wind blew and would have a 60-80% capacity factor—but it would produce very little electricity. The most electricity per dollar of investment is gained by using a larger generator and accepting the fact that the capacity factor will be lower as a result. Wind turbines are fundamentally different from fueled power plants in this respect.</div>
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<strong>Q: What is a KW and what is KWH?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> The ability to generate electricity is measured in watts. Watts are very small units, so the terms kilowatt (kW, 1,000 watts), megawatt (MW, 1 million watts), and gig watt (pronounced "jig-a-watt," GW, 1 billion watts) are most commonly used to describe the capacity of generating units like wind turbines or other power plants.</div>
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Electricity production and consumption are most commonly measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). A kilowatt-hour means one kilowatt (1,000 watts) of electricity produced or consumed for one hour. One 50-watt light bulb left on for 20 hours consumes one kilowatt-hour of electricity (50 watts x 20 hours = 1,000 watt-hours = 1 kilowatt-hour).</div>
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<strong>Q: How many homes can one megawatt of wind energy supply?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> An average U.S. household uses about 10,655 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity each year (note, the RSI WindGen can produce up to 20,000KWH with good wind). One megawatt of wind energy can generate from 2.4 to more than 3 million kWh annually. Therefore, a megawatt of wind generates about as much electricity as 225 to 300 households use.</div>
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<strong>Q: Does the wind turbine meet the proposed American Wind Energy Association Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>Yes, our turbines have been tested to the current standards, however at this time there is no “certification” available from AWEA. AWEA has been working on a performance and safety standard for a number of years; with the initiative approaching completion, hopefully the standard will be adopted sometime in 2009 and used by the Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC) to certify small wind turbine equipment. (The SWCC is composed of a wide array of stakeholders, including industry members, installers, government officials, and public benefits program representatives.)</div>
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<strong>Q: Will the WindGen wind mill pump water too?</strong><br />
<strong>A:</strong> Yes, The WindGen turbine can be used in applications such as pumping water. Wind energy has been used for centuries to pump water and grind grain. Although mechanical windmills still provide a sensible, low-cost option for pumping water in low-wind areas, farmers and ranchers are finding that wind-electric pumping is much more versatile and they can pump <strong>twice</strong> <strong>the volume for the same initial</strong><strong>investment.</strong> In addition, mechanical windmills must be placed directly above the well, which may not take the best advantage of available wind resources. Wind-electric pumping systems can be placed where the wind resource is the best and connected to the pump motor with an electric cable.</div>
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<strong>Q: Can I use a 30’ tower?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>Because wind speeds increase with height, the turbine is mounted on a tower. In general, the higher the tower, the more power the wind<br />
system can produce. The tower also raises the turbine above the air turbulence that can exist close to the ground because of obstructions<br />
such as hills, buildings, and trees. A general rule of thumb is to install a wind turbine on a tower with the bottom of the rotor blades at least<br />
30 feet (9 meters) above any obstacle that is within 300 feet (90 meters) of the tower. Relatively small investments in increased tower height can yield very high rates of return in power production. For instance, to raise a the WindGen from a 60-foot height to 92-foot involves a 12% increase in overall system cost, but it will produce over 25% More power. RSI’s recommends the 80’ tower which puts the wheel at 92’ Notice that the wind speed, V, has an exponent of 3 applied to it. This means that even a small increase in wind speed results in a large increase in power. That is why a taller tower will increase the productivity of any wind turbine by giving it access to higher wind speeds as shown in the Wind Speeds Increase with Height graph.</div>
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<strong>Q: Why do you want the tower up so high? The wind blows at ground level also!</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>The wind blows much stronger the higher up you go. </div>
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Consider the following: </div>
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~ The higher the turbine is, the more “fuel” it has (wind)<br />
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~ A 10% increase in Wind Speed = 33% more power</div>
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~ Doubling the wind speed = 8 times the power!!!!</div>
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~ The more energy you produce = a faster Return on Investment</div>
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~ The tower must be up high, in the smooth, unturbulent air, away from trees & buildings. You wouldn’t try to fly a kite in a forest or in-town in between the buildings… the same thing goes for your wind turbine, it needs to be in a logical open spot.</div>
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<strong>The formula for calculating the power from a wind turbine is:</strong></div>
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<strong>Power =</strong> k Cp 1/2 ñAV3 Where:<br />
<strong>P =</strong> Power output, kilowatts<br />
<strong>Cp =</strong> Maximum power coefficient, ranging from 0.25 to 0.45,dimension less (theoretical maximum = 0.59)<br />
<strong>ñ = </strong>Air density, lb/ft3<br />
<strong>A = </strong>Rotor swept area, ft2 or π D2/4 (D is the rotordiameter in ft, π = 3.1416)<br />
<strong>V =</strong> Wind speed, mph<br />
<strong>k =</strong> 0.000133 A constant to yield power in kilowatts. (Multiplying the above kilowatt answer by 1.340 converts it to horsepower.<br />
[i.e., 1 kW = 1.340 horsepower]).</div>
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<strong>Q: How do you calculate Carbon Credits?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>At this time, the exact method of calculating a Carbon Credit is still a bit of a moving target.</div>
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<img align="left" alt="Earn Carbon Credits" height="305" hspace="10" src="http://www.rsiwind.com/images/carboncredits.jpg" width="300" /><strong>Below is 1 method of calculating a Carbon Credit:</strong><br />
1 KWHR = 1.535 lbs CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)<br />
1,302 KWHR’s = 2,000 lbs of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide)<br />
2,000 lbs CO2 = 1 ton of CO2 = 1 Carbon Credit = 1,302 kWhrs</div>
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As the Carbon Credit market develops along, these values will most likely change.</div>
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<strong>Q: If 1 kwh of power saved then how many carbon credit will be earned?</strong></div>
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<strong>A:</strong> 1000 Kilowatt per year = 520Kg CO²<br />
2000 kilowatts approximate = 1 tonne CO² = 1 Carbon Credit</div>
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<strong>Q: Will Static electricity build-up from the blades moving through the air affect the WindGen?</strong><br />
<strong>A: </strong>An all steel structure & steel blades (WindGen only) are at the same potential as the rest of the tower, eliminating static build-up. Fiber-glass blades could increase the potential for static electricity build-up & disturb radio fields.</div>
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-90196477321863016402012-09-08T09:03:00.000-07:002012-09-08T09:03:08.317-07:00Home made Wifi Extender<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-25095204258277812652012-09-08T08:56:00.003-07:002012-09-08T09:03:24.733-07:00Wifi password hack 2012 release tested and worked great! <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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</div><iframe width="480" height="360" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/MNaSTipOYy8?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-91583830704465802392012-09-08T08:35:00.000-07:002012-09-08T08:36:48.262-07:00Unlock car with cell phone <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
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</div>Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-24034382447505992832012-09-02T00:43:00.000-07:002012-09-02T00:45:42.461-07:00Electrical Interview Questions And Answers Part2<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:A
choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in
series with the circuit. When supply is provided ,the starter will
interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the
chock will generate around 1000volts . This volt will capable of to
break the electrons inside the tube to make electron flow. once the
current passes through the tube the starter circuit will be out of part.
now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and
act as minimize the current.</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: whats is MARX CIRCUIT?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:It
is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel
and discharging them in series.It is used when voltage required for
testing is higher than the available.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: What is encoder, how it function?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:An
encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bitstream) or
data into a code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as
compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or
adding redundancies to the input code, or translating from one code to
another. This is usually done by means of a programmed
algorithm,especially if any part is digital, while most analog encoding
is done with analog circuitry.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:Advantages :1. Fast Switching Characterstics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT 2. Low cost 3. Higher Accurate.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric train during running , We did nt feel any Shock ? why?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:Unfortunately
our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is
Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our
feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing
some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not
much current flows through our body).The electric train is well
insulated from its electrical system.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span><span class="Apple-style-span">: what is the principle of motor?</span></b></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:Whenever
a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce
turning or twisting movemnt is called as torque.</span></span></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-6725465311571206572012-09-02T00:38:00.000-07:002012-09-02T00:45:59.218-07:00Electrical Interview Questions & Answers Part1<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q: What is electric traction?</span></b></span><br />
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:E</span></span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">lectric t</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span">r<span style="font-weight: normal;">action
means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for
railways,trams, trolleys etc). Electric traction means use of the
electricity for all the above machines. Now a days, magnetic traction is
also used for bullet trains.and basically dc motors are used for
electric traction systems.</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">: How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil?</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:It's
possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it's not possible to
ionize the particles in tube light with normal voltage.</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">: What is "pu" in electrical engineering?</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A:</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in </span></span></b>single line diagram of power distribution<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="Apple-style-span"> and
it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components (generators,
transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring
all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in
general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as
base values, then all other component ratings will get back into this
basis.Those values are called as pu values. (p.u=actual value/base
value).</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">: Operation carried out in Thermal power stations?</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:The
water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is
obtained this steam is allowed to hit the turbine , the turbine which is
coupled with the generator generates the electricity.</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">: Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:Link
is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various
connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is
given in a link form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in
the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is
calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any
malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular control circuit
alone will blow off.</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Q</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">: What is the difference between electronic regulator and ordinary </span></span></b><b>electrical rheostat <span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"> regulator for fans?</span></span></b></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span">A</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span">:The difference between the electronic and ordinary </span></span></b>electrical <span class="Apple-style-span"><span class="Apple-style-span"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">regulator
is that in electronic regulator power losses are less because as we
decrease the speed the electronic regulator gives the power needed for
that particular speed but in case of ordinary rheostat type regulator,
the power wastage is same for every speed and no power is saved.In
electronic regulator, triac is employed for speed control by varying the
firing angle speed and it is controlled but in rheostatic ,control
resistance is decreased by steps to achieve speed control.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<div style="padding-left: 10px;" width="400">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span> </div>
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-66415580534702528042012-08-26T06:34:00.001-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.413-07:00Accessing help<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-31525642643609191612012-08-26T06:25:00.001-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.411-07:00Understanding Anatomy Of the Command<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-51258087425448831402012-08-26T06:25:00.000-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.412-07:00Cutomizing Autocad preferences<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-75928594507444338562012-08-26T06:16:00.000-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.415-07:00Monitoring The Status Bar<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-10318363175337720102012-08-26T06:11:00.003-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.406-07:00Leveraging Dockable palettes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-20209959095165055492012-08-26T06:10:00.002-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.409-07:00Accessing Autocad Tools<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Faizal Pshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02168524908449606320noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6274980547637186007.post-16497748170258643432012-08-26T06:05:00.001-07:002012-08-26T06:34:49.408-07:00Understanding Model Space<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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